Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration

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Definition Why it's done Risks

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Definition

Whether doctors are trying to make a diagnosis or you're already receiving treatment for cancer or another condition, your bone marrow has a story to tell. Bone marrow is responsible for the creation of your blood cells, and because of that, it holds a wealth of clues about your health. A bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration examine your bone marrow to look for those clues.

Bone marrow is spongy tissue found inside some of your larger bones. Bone marrow has a fluid portion and a more solid portion. In a bone marrow biopsy, a sample of the more solid portion is taken. In an aspiration, a sample of the liquid portion of your marrow is withdrawn. To help visualize this, think of your bone marrow as a moist sponge. Aspiration takes the liquid from the sponge. The bone marrow biopsy takes a piece of the sponge.

A bone marrow aspiration is usually done at the same time as a bone marrow biopsy. Together, a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration are often called a bone marrow exam.

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Why it's done