Spermicides
By Mayo Clinic staffSpermicides are substances that inactivate sperm before they enter the uterus. They come in a variety of forms: cream, gel, foam, vaginal contraceptive film, suppository and tablet. All spermicides sold in the United States contain the chemical nonoxynol-9, which kills sperm.
Effectiveness rate. Spermicides can be used alone but are more effective when used with another barrier method, such as a condom, diaphragm or cervical cap. The typical effectiveness rate of spermicides alone is 71 percent, which means that 29 out of 100 women using it for one year will get pregnant. Vaginal douches containing spermicide aren't reliable contraceptives because they're used after sex, when it's too late to prevent the ascent of sperm into the cervix.
Side effects and health risks. Spermicidal agents may irritate the vagina. Some women are sensitive to nonoxynol-9. Spermicides may also disrupt the normal bacterial colonies in the vagina and urethra, leading to an increased incidence of urinary tract infection. Spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 don't protect against HIV/AIDS and other STDs. Vaginal irritation from spermicides may actually increase the risk of STDs.
How to use the spermicide. If you decide to use spermicide, you insert the spermicidal agent into the vagina using either your fingers or the applicator, according to the product directions. All forms of spermicide are effective when applied less than one hour before sex. Foams and gels offer immediate protection, whereas suppositories and vaginal contraceptive films must be inserted at least 15 minutes before sex.
Here are some additional tips for spermicide use:
- Gel, cream or foam. Fill the applicator and insert it in your vagina as far as it will comfortably go. Push the plunger on the applicator to release the gel, cream or foam. The spermicide should be close to your cervix.
- Suppository. Remove the wrapping and slide the suppository into your vagina. Slide it along the back wall of your vagina as far as you can so that the suppository lies on or near your cervix.
- Film. Be sure your fingers are dry. Place one sheet of film on your fingertip and slide it along the back wall of your vagina as far as you can so that the film rests on or near your cervix.
Before each sex act, another application is needed. Don't wash away spermicides, especially not for at least six hours after intercourse.
Cost and availability. Spermicides cost about $1 to $1.50 per use, depending on the type of spermicide you use. They're available without a prescription and may be purchased in pharmacies and drugstores.
